What is cloud computing bring out its essential features and list advantages and limitations

Cloud computing and its essential features

Cloud Computing is a general term used for computing that involves delivering hosted services over the Internet. The name cloud derived from cloud symbol that we use in flowcharts to represent Internet. Cloud Computing provides three types of services are

1. SaaS (Software as a Service) - Here the service providers host applications like spreadsheets, Documents etc. over a network i.e. Internet and are available to their customers at any time.

2. PaaS (Platform as a Service) - The service provider rents the platform/software such as operating system , virtualized servers , Hardware to their customers and Paas allows customers to upgrade their platforms according to their wish.

3. IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service or Hardware as a service) - An organization or service provider outsources Hardware, networking devices, servers, storage etc. to their client or customer and charged as pay per minute or hour for using their services. ex. Amazon web services.

Advantages of cloud computing

• Reduces overall cost and increase efficiencies, especially when replacing an organization’s locally operated on-premise servers.
• cloud computing has the potential to reduce a company's energy use and carbon emissions by at least 30% per user compared to an average on-premise installation of those applications.
• Dynamic Provisioning: over-provisioning of servers at the cloud's operational scale can be very expensive. Cloud operators can quickly matching server capacity to demand shifts.
• Multi-Tenancy: service providers are able to serve millions of users at thousands of companies simultaneously on one massive shared infrastructure.
• Server Utilization: Cloud computing can drive energy savings by improving server utilization, which is the measurement of the portion of a server's capacity that an application actively uses.
• Data center Efficiency: the way facilities are physically constructed, equipped with IT and supporting infrastructure, and managed has a major impact on the energy use for a given amount of computing power.
• Ease of operations: A marketing manager or sales manager can update their database from anywhere, immediately keep their database up to date.
Disadvantages of cloud computing

• The biggest challenge for cloud computing is security as every operations are carried out online there may be high risk of malicious programs, hackers, phishing attacks etc..
• It requires high speed internet/network connection as all the operations and transactions carried out over internet/internet.
• Confidentiality of data is not assured as it is maintained by third party service provider.

PALESTINE ISSUE...a detail story.......!!!!!!!!

UN General Assembly recommended partition of British Mandatory territory of palestine in 1947 into Arab and Jewish states. Conflict ensued, first within palestine and then, after state of Israel proclaimed territorial supremacy in May 1948, with Arab states. War ended in unstable truce. Hundreds of thousands of palestinians became refugess as result of 1948 war, primarily in Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and west bank and Gaza strip.
Between 1948-1967, Gaza strip was ruled by Egypt, while West Bank was annexed by Jordan in 1950. Israeli military victory in june 1967 war ( Six-Day War ) resulted in to occupation of west Bank, Gaza Strip, Syrian Golan Heights, Egyptian Sinai Peninsula ans Israeli annexation of East jerusalem. UN Security Council resolution 242 ( 1967 ) laid basis for " Land of Peace" formula.
Palestine Liberation Organization was founded by Arab League 1964. After 1967 it was controlled by palestinian guerilla organizations. Yasser Arafat, founder and leader of Palestinian National Liberation Movement ( Fatah ) led PLO Executive Committee from 1969 until his death in 2004. Egypt and Syria launched 1973 October War. Initial successes subsequently reversed, but broke political stalemate in Middle East. Egyptian president Anwar Sadat initiated peace process with visit to jerusalem in 1977, resulting in U.S - sponsored Camp David accords 1978, and 1979 peace treaty leading to Israeli withdrawl from occupied Sinai in 1982.
Israel invaded Lebanon in 1982 to expel PLO, counter Syrian Influence, strenghten Israeli's northern border, and establish pro-Israeli Lebanese government. PLO was forced to disperse to other Arab countries. Isreali troops remained in southern lebanon until unilateral withdrwal in 2000 after years of warfare with lebanese shiite Hezbollah movement.
Amid escalating settlement drive in West Bank and Gaza Strip, Palestinian uprising ( Intifada ) against Israeli occupation took place ( 1987 - 1993 ). Framework for negotiations between Israel and Arabs was established after 1991 Gulf War and led to unprecedented 1991 Madrid Middle East Peace Conference Palestinian track ws subsequently overtaken by secret Oslo negotiations and signing of Israeli Palestinian Declaration of Principles ( "Oslo Accords") at White House in September 1993. Labor party PM Yitzhak Rabin, Forign Minister Shimon Peres and PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat were awarded Nobel Peace Prize in 1994.
Rabin was assasinated by Israeli extremists in November 1995. Likud party's Benjamin Netanyahu defeated Rabin's successor Shimon Peres in 1996. Oslo slowly began to unravel. Final status negotiations began after Netanyahu replaced by Labor's Ehud Barak in 1999elections but process ultimately broke down amid mutual recriminations after failed July 2000 Camp David summit sponsored by U.S president Clinton. New Palestinian uprising - dubbed as Al-Aqsa intifada - began in september 2000.
Ariel sharon was elected Israeli PM in 2001 and reelected in 2003. Israeli armored incursions in palestinian cities and palestinian suicide bombings in Israel produced unprecedented casuality levels on both sides. Attempts to revive peace process failed to produce necessary breakthrough. Amid escalating conflict Israel reoccupied West Bank cities in April 2002 and began construction of seaparation barrier largely within occupied west bank and enclosing East jerusalem. Barrier was condemned as Illegal by International Court of Justice in July 2004.
Sharon led Israeli " Unilateral Disengagement " from Gaza Strip in August 2005, including dismantlement of all Gaza settlements.Isael retained control over airspace, territorial waters, and all boundaries except border with Egypt, where flow of persons supervised by EU border assistance mission.
2005-06 brought seismic shifts in Israel and Palestinian politics with formation of new kadima party by Ariel Sharon, latter's removal from scene after massive stroke in January 2006 and Victory of Islamist group Hamas in palestinian parliamentary elections. Acting PM Ehud Olmert led kadima to narrow victory in March elections. Olmert proclaimed continuation of unilateral approach, rejecting negotiations with palestinians, setting "Permanent" eastern borders by 2010 and seeking international endorsement for this. Hamas refusal to recognise Israel, renounce violence and endorse existing agreements led donors to suspend aid as Palestine faced continued operational challenges and potential collapse.
By May 2006, mounting violence in Gaza, fuelled by power struggle between Fatah and Hamas Loyalists, raised fears of civil war.Israel arrested almost all Hamas cabinet members and Parliamentaries in west bank. South lebanon based Hizbollah launched cross-border raid on Israel in july 2006, capturing 2 and killing 8 soldiers. UN Security Council Resolution 1701 led to ceasefire and deployement of strengthened UN force to southern lebanon. The Annapolis conference also called as " Middle East Eace Conference" was, held in November, 2007 at United States. During conference for the first time, two states solution was articulated, as they mutually agreed upon outline for addressing the Israel-Palestine conflict.

2008 Capgemini Placement Paper

Hi Capgemini Aspirants,

I think you should know the following about Capgemini:
1. Capgemini is a Europe MNC (unlike indian borne MNCs like Infosys, Wipro and all), spread in 38
countries around the globe.
2. Its a 13.8 billion $ company. Companies like infosys,satyam,wipro are not even half of Capgemini.(TCS
being 7.4bn$)
3. Its called the gurus of consulting .
4. It stands 5th the Indian IT company rankings 2008.
5. It stands 4th in the best IT consulting services company in the recent world rankings by Forbes.
6. Capgemini is a very good company for the freshers, unlike other IT firms ,Capgemini stands the last
when it comes to irregular firings.

this is the real experince from my good friend.......continue reading and learn........
now my friend's story begins.......

Capgemini came for a Campus recruitment drive on Jul 30th, 2008.

The criteria was: For BE: 60% in BE till date & no active backlogs.

We were asked to report at 8:30am and to our surprise, the recruiters appeared sharp at 8:30 am
(unlike other company people who are generally 3 or more hrs late).The most punctual comany to add..
Then started the selection procedure.

1) Presentation: All the appearing students were called in a hall to see a power point presentation about
the company. It was really interesting. We were formally introduced to the HR and her team. Its always
better to note important points form the presentation since it may be asked in the interview. We were
told about the package that we were going to get. It was 3 lakh CTC per annum. After the presentation,
we were asked to move in rooms for aptitude test.

2) Aptitude Test: Aptitude test was on paper and an objective type. The paper was divided into two
sections:
(i) Quantitative 25 questions.
(ii) Analytical 25 questions.

We were given 1hr to solve the paper. There was a sectional cut-off of 10 marks (it was told in advance)
and there was a provision of negative marking (0.25 marks deducted for every incorrect answer). I went
for around 15 questions from both the sections and managed to clear the aptitude test. Please note that
there were 3 sets of question papers and they contained very few common questions. But a lot of
questions (around 8-10) in each set were repeated questions (questions that had been asked in earlier campus interviews by Capgemini). So do refer to the previous years papers...So, I will suggest you togo
through all the questions by heart that I am giving with their answers.

QUANTITATIVE:
1. Find min value of fn: |-5-x| + |2-x|+|6-x|+10-x|; where x is an integer
0 17 23 19

2. units digit in expansion os 2 raised to 51 is:
2 4 6 8

3. 2 men at same tym start walking towards each other from A n B 72 kms apart. sp of A is 4kmph.Sp of
B is 2 kmph in 1st hr,2.5 in 2nd, 3 in rd. n so on…when will they meet i in 7 hrs ii at 35 kms from A iii in
10 hrs iv midway

4. (8*76+19*?-60) / (?*7*12+3-52)=1
5 2 1 3

5. 45 grinders brought @ 2215/-.transpot expense 2190/-.2760/- on octroi . Find SP/piece to make profit
of 20%
2585 2225 2670 3325

6. in a 2 digit no unit’s place is halved and tens place is doubled.diff bet the nos is 37.digit in unit’s place
is 2 more than tens place.
24 46 42 none

7. if x-y + z = 19 , y + z =20 , x-z=3 , find d value of x+4y-5z
22 38 17 none

8. Find approx value of 39.987/0.8102+1.987*18.02
72 56 86 44

9. If the ratio of prod of 3 diff comp’s A B & C is 4:7:5 and of overall prod last yr was 4lac tones and if
each comp had an increase of 20% in prod level this yr what is the prod of Comp B this yr?
2.1L 22.1L 4.1L none

10. If 70% of a no. is subtracted from itself it reduces to 81.what is two fifth of that no.?
108/54/210/none

11. If a certain sum of money at SI doubles itself in 5 yrs then what is d rate?
5% 20% 25% 14.8%

12. If radius of cylinder and sphere r same and vol of sphere and cylinder r same what is d ratio betn the
radius and height of the cylinder
i. R= H
ii. R= (3/4)H
iii. R = (4/3)H
iv. R=2/3H
13. Which one of the foll fractions is arranged in ascending order
i. 9/11,7/9,11/13,13/14
ii 7/8,9/11,11/13,13/14
iii 9/11,11/13,7/8,13/14
iv none

14. A is 4 yrs old and B is thrice A>when A is 12 yrs, how old will B be?
16 20 24 28

15. Boat goes downstream from P to Q in 2hrs, upstream in 6hrs and if speed of stream was ½ of boat in
still water. Find dist PQ
6 4 10 none

16. Fresh Grapes contain 90% water by wt. Dried grapes contain 20% water by %age. What will b wt of
dried grapes when we begin with 20 kg fresh grapes? 2kg 2.4kg 2.5kg none

17. How many 5 digit no. can b formed wit digits 1, 2, 3,4,5,6 which r divisible by 4 and digits not
repeated
144 168 192 none

18. Asish was given Rs. 158 in denominations of Rs 1 each. He distributes these in diff bags, such that ne
sum of money of denomination betn 1 and 158 can be given in bags. The min no. of such bags reqd :
10 17 15 none

19.There is a rectangular Garden whose length and width are 60m X 20m.There is a walkway of uniform
width around garden. Area of walkway is 516m^2. Find width of walkway:
1 2 3 4

20. In a race from pt. X to pt Y and back, Jack averages 0 miles/hr to pt Y and 10 miles/hr back to pr
X.Sandy averages 20 miles/hr in both directions. If Jack and Sandy start race at same tym, who’ll finish:
i. 1st Jack ii.Sandy iii.they tie iv.Impossible to tell

21. A man engaged a servant on a condn that he’ll pay Rs 90 and also give him a bag at the end of the yr.
He served for 9 months and was given a turban and Rs 65. So the price of turban is i. Rs :
10 19 0 55

22. Three wheels make 36, 24, 60 rev/min. Each has a black mark on it. It is aligned at the start of the qn.
When does it align again for the first tym?
14 20 22 5sec

23. If 1= (3/4)(1+ (y/x) ) then
i. x=3y ii. x=y/3 iii. x=(2/3)y iv. none

24. The sum of six consecutive odd nos. is 888. What is the average of the nos.? i. 147 ii. 148 iii. 149 iv.
146

25. 1010/104*102=10?
i. 8 ii. 6 iii. 4 iv. none

HOW TO WRITE THE IMPESSIVE ESSAY

Over the past couple of years, various b-schools have included ‘essay-writing’ in their post-entrance exam selection process.

You could be presented with essay tasks to be carried out in periods ranging from 10 to 30 minutes. As such, the number of words in a typical essay could be in the range of 300-700 words (one side to two sides of an A4 sheet).

This note is designed to provide you with essential inputs on writing an effective essay. It deals with how to: (a) generate relevant content, (b) come up with the right structure, and (c) write effectively.

Remember the basic elements of communication that have relevance here, namely, clarity of thought, empathy, and effective expression. Also keep in mind that a step-by-step method, with a check list, would ensure efficient use of time spent on an essay.

We would suggest steps, and a check list, such as represented by the acronym CODER.

C - Collect ideas
O – Organise them
D – Develop them
E – Express them
R – Review

C – Collect ideas
Content – the topic itself – What are the key words? What is it about? What information does one have? How does one gather further information? What ideas or views does one have (or what views does one develop) on the basis of this information?

You would recall the ‘approaches’ we’ve suggested for idea-generation in GDs - such as the Key Word Approach (KWA), Viewpoint of Affected Parties (VAP), and SPELT. These could be used when you are writing an essay too, to generate ideas on the basis of information that you have. Remember to make quick, concise notes (just words and phrases) as you brainstorm, to ensure that you recall important ideas.

O – Organise them
Organisation of ideas - put random thoughts and ideas into coherent groups. What would be the purpose or theme of the essay? What would be the appropriate ideas to start with (or to use for introductory statement)? What are the further ideas that one could continue with, and what would these ideas lead to? What ideas would be the right ones to end with?

Effective notes and careful thought on these aspects would help you put together properly organised content.

D – Develop them
Explanation and elaboration – What sort of readership is the essay intended for (education, age, gender, knowledge of the topic, attitude to the topic)? What sort of information would hold their attention best? What sort of examples would they relate to? What pieces of information, what sort of explanation, and / or what examples, would support the ideas, the theme and the purpose? How long should the essay be?

In an essay intended to be informative only – you should be careful about the selection of content to ensure that it is significant and relevant to the topic. Facts and examples used should be of interest, but should not seem out of place.

In an essay intended to explain – you should have explanations that are clear and concise.

In an essay intended to express and opinion – you should sequence the ideas and viewpoints, with supporting information and examples, in a manner that leads to the overall opinion that the essay seeks to provide.

In an essay intended to analyse – you should present ideas and information with respect to different aspects of the topic, so as to point to the relative strengths (or weaknesses) of these aspects. The essay should be one that brings out questions on the topic and finds, or seeks to find, answers.

E - Express them
Structure of an essay – A typical essay would start with an introduction, using statements and information of general nature that provide some background to the topic and point to the nature of the specific ideas that follow. The body of the essay would contain the specific ideas, presented in a clear and coherent manner. Each broad idea or idea set would form a paragraph. The flow, or sequence of paragraphs would lead to the conclusion which would sum up the purpose of the presentation.

Effective expression – requires logical coherence and flow (as already discussed). Also requires effective use of language. You must stay with sentence structure, vocabulary and idiom that you are familiar with. Individual sentences should not include more than one idea. This way, you have better control over grammatical construction, punctuation, etc. This works even for a complex idea set, where continuity and flow can be established through the use of simple and appropriate connectives and sentence starters (also called Discourse Markers – a few of which are provided further on in this note).

R – Review
You must devote the last few minutes to reading through the essay to satisfy yourself that there is logical flow and coherence, and that the language is error free. Correction, replacement or repositioning, if any, should be carried out in a manner that ensures that the flow remains or is improved.

We would suggest that, of the steps outlined above, you devote about 30 per cent of the allotted time to steps C O and D, about 60 per cent to the actual writing, i.e. E, and about 10 per cent to R.

Some Discourse Markers:

Introduction of a viewpoint – It is my opinion that..., My own view is..., As I see it..., I believe..., and so on.

Structuring or classifying – To begin with..., First of all..., For one thing..., and so on.

Adding – Further..., Moreover..., Likewise..., In addition..., Besides,..., Equally,..., Another point to be..., Apart from this..., and so on.

Giving examples – For example,..., For instance,..., A good example of this..., An appropriate illustration of this..., and so on.

Generalising – On the whole..., In general..., Broadly speaking..., In most cases..., To a large extent..., and so on.

Giving details, making things clear – In fact..., This is clear from..., This can be seen from..., Considering this in greater detail…, and so on.

Analysing a point – What this means is..., In other words..., Translated into real terms,..., and so on.

Concluding – In conclusion..., To sum up..., In short..., and so on.

Have a look at the two samples provided below, to see what a step-wise approach can result in.

Sample 1

Topic: The true measure of national development would be the reduction in economic disparities, not the growth in national income.

Essay:

The term ‘economic disparity’ would literally translate to the differences in incomes and wealth between different economic strata in society. In any economy, therefore, disparities are bound to exist, since levels of skills, contribution, ownership and wealth do vary. This is as true of fully developed economies as it is of developing and underdeveloped ones. In India, however, we use the term very specifically, to point to the yawning gap that exists between the rich and the poor. We acknowledge, with occasional embarrassment, (and opposition parties with ostensible anguish), the fact that, even six decades after independence, this gross disparity still exists. To us, it is a reminder that we have not yet been able to eradicate poverty – the state in which more than a third of our population exists, without the minimum in food, clothing, shelter and dignity.

There is no doubt that, as the economy develops, various economic determiners will show increase at the national (or gross) levels – investments, assets, production, incomes, and so on. This, in turn will progress to growth in national wealth to a point where, as a nation we are as well off or 'developed' as any other. However, it must be remembered that a nation is but a sum of the different strata of the society within it, just as a body is the sum of its parts. Looked at in this manner, it can understood that only when all the parts have the minimum required development (or 'health'), that the whole can be considered developed or healthy.

At first sight, it would seem as if there's a difficult choice to be made – that investing in economic growth would mean the inability to devote national effort and finances towards lifting the poor out of their morass. However, when we take a broader view, we understand that it is through the first that the second objective can be achieved – while the benefits of economic growth must first fuel further economic growth and then be shared by all economic strata, the greater share must find its way to those at the very bottom of the pyramid, the economically disadvantaged, till we achieve the banishment of poverty. This seems altruistic, and may be so. However, it makes good economic sense too. Those lifted out of poverty would be freed from the need to devote every moment to sheer existence and subsistence, and would therefore be able to make positive contributions to social and economic productivity, to economic growth. Both objectives - economic growth and poverty alleviation, are therefore related and should be targeted together, for national development.

Clearly, then, it is only when we have eradicated poverty, that we should consider ourselves developed in the true sense. This is why sociologists, and an increasing number of economists, are of the view that true development is reflected not in cold economic indices such as GDP, GNP or GNI, but in the HDI (Human Development Index) which takes into account three critical ‘human’ parameters – life expectancy (that reflects nutrition and health), literacy (that reflects employability) and standard of living (that reflects dignity). (518 words)

Sample 2

Topic: It is utopian to expect ethics in business. This is why business environments need laws.

Essay:

When we consider society, we normally think of it as a composite of human beings. In fact, the word has much larger meaning. Society is a composite of ‘persons’ and here we mean not only humans but all bodies that have presence in society, by virtue of their functions.

Businesses serve society and, in doing so, interact with other persons. Thus they are also a part of society and their interactive behaviour, just like that of humans, is governed by entitlements and responsibilities. When these entitlements and responsibilities are recognised and understood by persons on their own and given effect to, through voluntary behaviour, we say the persons are guided by ethics. However, there are times when persons may not be guided by ethics, or where, ethics notwithstanding, rights and duties are to be determined. For such times, when entitlements and responsibilities are to be laid down and enforced by authority, we have laws.

So, whether for individual humans, or for societal ‘persons’ in the larger sense, ethics and laws are actually similar in objective - they seek to bring about that proper application of rights and duties of persons that would enable society to function smoothly.

This holds just as true in the world of business which, as discussed earlier, is part of society. Therefore, when we consider ‘Ethics versus Law’ in the area of business we cannot mean that one opposes the other but that, depending on circumstances and situations, one is effective where the other is not (or that one is more effective than the other.)

The application of ethics in business would mean that the parties in a business relationship (whether the business itself, or customers, associates, authorities, employees or owners - anyone who could be called stakeholders) recognise and do what needs to be done to see that others get their entitlements, that their rights are not infringed, and that no harm or loss comes to them. This is what we have in mind when we speak of 'fair' or 'honest' dealings - delivering value for money whether in terms of price, quality, volume, time or support and ensuring that financial commitments are met. As long as those in business are guided by these principles, they are being ethical and this leads to comfortable, secure and long-standing relationships and goodwill. These, in turn, form the basis for holistic growth.

However, just as there is no utopia, the world of business cannot run on voluntary behaviour alone. There are situations where the focus on specific objectives, such as profit and monetary growth, often leads persons to subjective perceptions of entitlements and responsibilities and results in conflict of interest. This is where the various laws (commercial, revenue, and civil laws) play their roles - laying down what would cause one perception to gain preponderance or priority over another, thus determining the rights and duties appropriate to such situations. Right-thinking and ethical businesses recognise this need, and their ethics therefore extend to proper compliance with such laws. This is what earns them regard and reputation, also essential for proper growth.

Then there are businesses and business situations where, sometimes, no heed is paid to ethics, where persons seek to achieve objectives ‘at any cost’ or ‘no matter what it takes’, and the laws (including, sometimes, criminal laws) are necessitated to enforce appropriate business behaviour so as to protect the rights of stakeholders.

We have looked at three broad areas that indicate the relevance of ethics and law in business. However, it must be kept in mind that the boundaries between these areas are neither sharp nor immutable. Social behaviour is not the same all over the world or at all times. In the case of humans, perceptions of what is ethical and what is not may vary in some aspects, depending on culture, traditions and social attitudes prevalent in different societies. When it comes to businesses, this variance exists because of political and economic ideologies and objectives that have either gained social acceptance, or have been adopted through particular systems of government or through policies that have been implemented by government. For instance, what is considered unethical practice in a socialist environment may not be considered so in a capitalist framework. Similarly, business activities that may not require regulation in a free market situation may need regulation when they fall in the ambit of social responsibility or social welfare activity.

It can be seen, then, that Ethics and Law are not contradictory, either in meaning, or objective. They are both relevant to business, and have value and application in different situations and circumstances. It is clear, however, that business that is guided by ethics is more likely to enjoy harmonious existence and growth than business that is prodded by law. Businesses would do well, therefore, to adopt ethical approaches on their own and willingly accept the application of laws when in situations that present a conflict of interest. Such behaviour would make them valuable and well accepted components of the social fabric they are part of. (835 words)

Some of the essay topics given last year at IIM-A:
o The educational system is killing creativity in Indian children.
o Should Nehru’s temples of learning remain elitist?
o Indian women should take up their husbands’ surname after marriage.
o Should India’s youth imbibe the positive aspects of western culture?
o Both men and women need to undergo gender sensitivity courses.
o NGOs are yet to get their due from society.
o Studying pure science is a waste of time.
o Industrialisation should not happen at the cost of human rights.
o Indian politicians need training in communication skills.
o Globalisation has failed to live up to its promises.
o Pubs are anti-Indian.
o It should be made compulsory for Indian politicians to be fit.
o The resurgence of public sector companies in the current financial slowdown.
o Obama will bring change, but only to the USA.
o The Indian space programme is an ambition misplaced.

C,C++ Questions

1. Base class has some virtual method and derived class has a method with the same name. If we initialize the base class pointer with derived
object,. calling of that virtual method will result in which method being called?

a. Base method
b. Derived method..

Ans. b

2. For the following C program

#define AREA(x)(3.14*x*x)
main()
{float r1=6.25,r2=2.5,a;
a=AREA(r1);
printf("\n Area of the circle is %f", a);
a=AREA(r2);
printf("\n Area of the circle is %f", a);
}

What is the output?

Ans. Area of the circle is 122.656250
Area of the circle is 19.625000

3. What do the following statements indicate. Explain.

· int(*p)[10]

· int*f()

· int(*pf)()

· int*p[10]

Refer to:
-- Kernighan & Ritchie page no. 122
-- Schaum series page no. 323

4.
void main()
{
int d=5;
printf("%f",d);
}

Ans: Undefined

5.
void main()
{
int i;
for(i=1;i<4,i++)
switch(i)
case 1: printf("%d",i);break;
{
case 2:printf("%d",i);break;
case 3:printf("%d",i);break;
}
switch(i) case 4:printf("%d",i);
}

Ans: 1,2,3,4

6.
void main()
{
char *s="\12345s\n";
printf("%d",sizeof(s));
}

Ans: 6

7.
void main()
{
unsigned i=1; /* unsigned char k= -1 => k=255; */
signed j=-1; /* char k= -1 => k=65535 */
/* unsigned or signed int k= -1 =>k=65535 */
if(iprintf("less");
else
if(i>j)
printf("greater");
else
if(i==j)
printf("equal");
}

Ans: less

8.
void main()
{
float j;
j=1000*1000;
printf("%f",j);
}

1. 1000000
2. Overflow
3. Error
4. None

Ans: 4

9. How do you declare an array of N pointers to functions returning
pointers to functions returning pointers to characters?

Ans: The first part of this question can be answered in at least
three ways:

1. char *(*(*a[N])())();

2. Build the declaration up incrementally, using typedefs:

typedef char *pc; /* pointer to char */
typedef pc fpc(); /* function returning pointer to char */
typedef fpc *pfpc; /* pointer to above */
typedef pfpc fpfpc(); /* function returning... */
typedef fpfpc *pfpfpc; /* pointer to... */
pfpfpc a[N]; /* array of... */

3. Use the cdecl program, which turns English into C and vice
versa:

cdecl> declare a as array of pointer to function returning
pointer to function returning pointer to char
char *(*(*a[])())()

cdecl can also explain complicated declarations, help with
casts, and indicate which set of parentheses the arguments
go in (for complicated function definitions, like the one
above).
Any good book on C should explain how to read these complicated
C declarations "inside out" to understand them ("declaration
mimics use").
The pointer-to-function declarations in the examples above have
not included parameter type information. When the parameters
have complicated types, declarations can *really* get messy.
(Modern versions of cdecl can help here, too.)


10. A structure pointer is defined of the type time . With 3 fields min,sec hours having pointers to intergers.
Write the way to initialize the 2nd element to 10.

11. In the above question an array of pointers is declared.
Write the statement to initialize the 3rd element of the 2 element to 10;

12.
int f()
void main()
{
f(1);
f(1,2);
f(1,2,3);
}
f(int i,int j,int k)
{
printf("%d %d %d",i,j,k);
}

What are the number of syntax errors in the above?

Ans: None.

13.
void main()
{
int i=7;
printf("%d",i++*i++);
}

Ans: 56

14.
#define one 0
#ifdef one
printf("one is defined ");
#ifndef one
printf("one is not defined ");

Ans: "one is defined"

15.
void main()
{
int count=10,*temp,sum=0;
temp=&count;
*temp=20;
temp=∑
*temp=count;
printf("%d %d %d ",count,*temp,sum);
}

Ans: 20 20 20


16. There was question in c working only on unix machine with pattern matching.


14. what is alloca()

Ans : It allocates and frees memory after use/after getting out of scope

17.
main()
{
static i=3;
printf("%d",i--);
return i>0 ? main():0;
}

Ans: 321

18.
char *foo()
{
char result[100]);
strcpy(result,"anything is good");
return(result);
}
void main()
{
char *j;
j=foo()
printf("%s",j);
}

Ans: anything is good.

19.
void main()
{
char *s[]={ "dharma","hewlett-packard","siemens","ibm"};
char **p;
p=s;
printf("%s",++*p);
printf("%s",*p++);
printf("%s",++*p);
}

Ans: "harma" (p->add(dharma) && (*p)->harma)
"harma" (after printing, p->add(hewlett-packard) &&(*p)->harma)
"ewlett-packard"

20. Output of the following program is

main()
{int i=0;
for(i=0;i<20;i++)
{switch(i)
case 0:i+=5;
case 1:i+=2;
case 5:i+=5;
default i+=4;
break;}
printf("%d,",i);
}
}

a) 0,5,9,13,17
b) 5,9,13,17
c) 12,17,22
d) 16,21
e) Syntax error

Ans. (d)

21. What is the ouptut in the following program

main()
{char c=-64;
int i=-32
unsigned int u =-16;
if(c>i)
{printf("pass1,");
if(cprintf("pass2");
else
printf("Fail2");
}
else
printf("Fail1);
if(iprintf("pass2");
else
printf("Fail2")
}

a) Pass1,Pass2
b) Pass1,Fail2
c) Fail1,Pass2
d) Fail1,Fail2
e) None of these

Ans. (c)

22. What will the following program do?

void main()
{
int i;
char a[]="String";
char *p="New Sring";
char *Temp;
Temp=a;
a=malloc(strlen(p) + 1);
strcpy(a,p); //Line number:9//
p = malloc(strlen(Temp) + 1);
strcpy(p,Temp);
printf("(%s, %s)",a,p);
free(p);
free(a);
} //Line number 15//

a) Swap contents of p & a and print:(New string, string)
b) Generate compilation error in line number 8
c) Generate compilation error in line number 5
d) Generate compilation error in line number 7
e) Generate compilation error in line number 1

Ans. (b)

23. In the following code segment what will be the result of the function,

value of x , value of y
{unsigned int x=-1;
int y;
y = ~0;
if(x == y)
printf("same");
else
printf("not same");
}

a) same, MAXINT, -1
b) not same, MAXINT, -MAXINT
c) same , MAXUNIT, -1
d) same, MAXUNIT, MAXUNIT
e) not same, MAXINT, MAXUNIT

Ans. (a)

24. What will be the result of the following program ?

char *gxxx()
{static char xxx[1024];
return xxx;
}

main()
{char *g="string";
strcpy(gxxx(),g);
g = gxxx();
strcpy(g,"oldstring");
printf("The string is : %s",gxxx());
}

a) The string is : string
b) The string is :Oldstring
c) Run time error/Core dump
d) Syntax error during compilation
e) None of these

Ans. (b)

25. Find the output for the following C program

main()
{
char *p1="Name";
char *p2;
p2=(char *)malloc(20);
while(*p2++=*p1++);
printf("%s\n",p2);
}

Ans. An empty string

26. Find the output for the following C program

main()
{
int x=20,y=35;
x = y++ + x++;
y = ++y + ++x;
printf("%d %d\n",x,y);
}

Ans. 57 94

27. Find the output for the following C program

main()
{
int x=5;
printf("%d %d %d\n",x,x<<2,x>>2);
}

Ans. 5 20 1

28 Find the output for the following C program

#define swap1(a,b) a=a+b;b=a-b;a=a-b;
main()
{
int x=5,y=10;
swap1(x,y);
printf("%d %d\n",x,y);
swap2(x,y);
printf("%d %d\n",x,y);
}
int swap2(int a,int b)
{
int temp;
temp=a;
b=a;
a=temp;
return;
}

Ans. 10 5

29 Find the output for the following C program

main()
{
char *ptr = "Ramco Systems";
(*ptr)++;
printf("%s\n",ptr);
ptr++;
printf("%s\n",ptr);
}

Ans. Samco Systems

30 Find the output for the following C program

#include
main()
{
char s1[]="Ramco";
char s2[]="Systems";
s1=s2;
printf("%s",s1);
}

Ans. Compilation error giving it cannot be an modifiable 'lvalue'

31 Find the output for the following C program

#include
main()
{
char *p1;
char *p2;
p1=(char *) malloc(25);
p2=(char *) malloc(25);
strcpy(p1,"Ramco");
strcpy(p2,"Systems");
strcat(p1,p2);
printf("%s",p1);
}

Ans. RamcoSystems

32. Find the output for the following C program given that
[1]. The following variable is available in file1.c
static int average_float;

Ans. All the functions in the file1.c can access the variable

33. Find the output for the following C program

# define TRUE 0
some code
while(TRUE)
{
some code
}

Ans. This won't go into the loop as TRUE is defined as 0

34. struct list{
int x;
struct list *next;
}*head;

the struct head.x =100

Is the above assignment to pointer is correct or wrong ?

Ans. Wrong

35.What is the output of the following ?

int i;
i=1;
i=i+2*i++;
printf(%d,i);

Ans. 4

36. FILE *fp1,*fp2;

fp1=fopen("one","w")
fp2=fopen("one","w")
fputc('A',fp1)
fputc('B',fp2)
fclose(fp1)
fclose(fp2)
}

Find the Error, If Any?

Ans. no error. But It will over writes on same file.

37. What are the output(s) for the following ?

38. #include
char *f()
{char *s=malloc(8);
strcpy(s,"goodbye");
}

main()
{
char *f();
printf("%c",*f()='A'); }

39. #define MAN(x,y) (x)>(y)?(x):(y)
{int i=10;
j=5;
k=0;
k=MAX(i++,++j);
printf(%d %d %d %d,i,j,k);
}

Ans. 10 5 0

40.
void main()
{
int i=7;
printf("%d",i++*i++);
}

Ans: 56

ENGG. INTERVIEW QUESTIONS

Computer Science

• What is the advantage of Win NT over Win 95?
• Explain polymorphism and inheritance. Give real life example.
• What is gate way used for?
• How is linked list implemented?
• What is semaphore?
• In binary search tree which traversal is used for getting ascending order values?
• What are Device drivers used for?
• Explain fork as applied in Unix?
• In Unix, what does profile contain?
• In Unix, what is echo used for?
• In Unix, where does 'Is' store contents?
• How is relocatable code generated in an assembler?
• What does 'calloc' do? How is it different from 'malloc'?
• What is the scope of a global variable that is declared as static?
• How many flip-flops do you require for modulo 19 counter?
• A ring counter's initial state is 01000. After how many clock cycles will it return to the initial state?
• Explain virtual functions in C++?
• What is the number of address lines required for 1-MB memory?
• What is the minimum number of IP addresses required for a router?
• What are disadvantage of pcm?
• Explain the Shannon Hartley theorem?
• What is microwave propagation along the curvature of earth called?
• What is used for knowing its own IP address?
• Write a program to swap two variables without using a temporary variable.
• Write a program for reversing the given string.
• Write a C program to find whether a stack is progressing in forward or reverse direction.
• Write a C program that reverses the linked list.
• Define function. Explain function arguments.
• C passes by value or by reference?
• Difference between my-stropy and stropy?
• What does a compiler do?
• How much information can be stored in 1 byte of an IBM pc compatible?
• What is the language used for Artificial Intelligence?
• What is piggy backing?
• Explain the difference between micro kernel, and macro kernel.
• Give an example of micro kernel.
• What is a real-time system?
• What is the difference between Hard and Soft real-time systems?
• What is mission critical system?
• What is the important aspect of a real-time system?
• What is software life cycle?
• What are the differences between Pascal and C?
• Which are the different computer architectures?
• What is the requirement in MIMD?
• What is the difference between RISC and CISC processors?
• What is the difference between loosely coupled and tightly coupled systems?
• What is an open system?
• Which are the different phases in software life cycle?
• How much time is spent usually in each phase and why?
• Why is analysis and testing phases very important?
• What is testing?
• Which are the different types of testing?
• What is unit testing, integration testing etc?
• Have you worked in Windows? What is the difference you have seen from a DOS environment?
• How does Win Main look like?
• How are the messages processed in Windows?
• Have you done any network programming?
• Why networks are layered? What is the advantage of that?
• How many layers are there in OSI?
• Are you familiar with network topologies?
• Which are the different network topologies?
• Give an example of bus type network.
• What is the band width of Ethernet?
• Explain the advantage and disadvantage of Ethernet.
• Which is the protocol used in Ethernet?
• Can all recursive programs be written iteratively?
• What should you do to ensure that one program doesn't corrupt another program in a multi-program environment?
• What is SQL?
• What's the advantage of SRAM over DRAM?
• What is method used for disk searching?
• Which feature does C++ have that C does not have?
• What is the difference between synchronous and asynchronous transmission?
• What does quality factor indicate?
• What is difference in IRET and RET statements of 8086?
• What is the difference between C and C++?
• What is the purpose of hashing?
• Define avalanche diode multiplication?
• What is coupling?
• What does CONNECT BY mean?
• What is DHCP used for?
• Explain Codd's rule related to database?
• What is RSA?
• What is the use of global static variable in C?
• Define functional dependency.
• What is the command to initiate the Windows?
• In Unix, how does inter process communication take place?
• Which was the first super computer built in India?
• Whose product is Power PC 89? What is meant by QUEUE?
• What is meant by STACK?
• What is the difference between 80286 and 80287?
• What is meant by recursion?
• What is the difference between Macro and ordinary definition?
• What is the difference between Class and Structure?
• Describe VRTX in a few words.
• How does the scheduler know the time when it should be scheduled?
• What is deadlock? How do you avoid it?
• What is runtime locatable code?
• What is volatile register definition in C?
• How is semaphore variable different from variable?
• What is Dynamic allocation?
• Give the difference between monolithic and microlithic kernel.
• In Unix what is the difference between select and poll?
• What is a finite Automata?
• What is Turning machine?
• What is binary search, traversal, hashing etc?
• What is waterfall model, prototype model etc?
• What is indexing in databases?
• What is atomicity?
• Write recursive programs to calculate factorial in C++.
• What is the best data structure to store the process information in a real time operating system?
• What is a semaphore?
• What is a critical section problem?
• What is the dining philosopher's problem?
• What are the various hashing techniques?
• Layers of an OS?
• How do you quick sort using double link list?
• What is a router?
• What are system calls?
• Describe a JK flip flop.
• Various methods of inter process communications.
• What is a virtual function used for?
• What is pipelining?
• What is boundaryfill, flood fill and scan fill?
• Explain DAD, ALE, BHE, DEN, HLDA.
• What is the difference between little Endian and big Endian data format?
• Describe the modes of operation of 80386?
• Explain the superscalar architect of Pentium?
• What is the difference between # include and # include 'stdio.h'?
• Mention any two CPU scheduling algorithms?
• What is a Moore machine?
• Describe the functions of a red black tree.
• Explain the travelling sales person problem?
• What are the functions done during the 1st pass of an assembler?
• Explain RTOS?
• How is code optimisation done using DAG?
• What is a universal turning machine?
• What is 8087 used for?
• Give the features of CDMA technology?
• Explain the principle behind the functioning of a search engine.

Important topics in Computer Science

Basic Electronics, Microprocessors, Computer Architecture, Operating Systems, Languages - C,C++, Java, RDBMS.

Electronics Engineering

• What are Flip flops and explain their working?
• Differentiate between flip-flops and latches.
• What is totem pole?
• What is the mode of transmission of TV signals?
• Draw the internal circuit of 8085 microprocessor.
• What is a bit? What is CMOS?
• What is the bandwidth of FM?
• As an electronics engineer, how would you distinguish between paper money and digital money?
• What is modem? Draw its internal diagram.
• Obtain a square wave from a sine wave form Zener diodes.
• What is difference between oscillator and multivibrator?
• What is blue tooth and WAP?
• What are trappatt arid impatt diodes?
• What is emitter follower?
• Give the electromagnetic equations in the order of discovery.
• Find the transfer function of a given RLC circuit.
• What happens when you type user-name and password while logging on to a Unix system?
• Draw the circuit for an adder using NAND gates.
• Explain internal organization of memory chips.
• What are the different types of control systems?
• Explain open loop with block diagram examples.
• What are the advantages of closed loop?
• How can you design a stable system?
• Explain different stability criteria.
• Explain Ruthz-Hervitz rule in one sentence.
• What are poles and their significance?
• Is there any control system in this room (interview hall)?
• What is Karnaugh map?
• What are the 4 methods to reduce a Boolean expression?
• Draw 8086 internal architecture.
• What are the different types of buses?
• What are the different registers in CPU?
• What is the use of segment register?
• Which is the 1st 32-bit microprocessor?
• What are the different UPS?
• Compare 8086 and 80286.
• Explain the internal architecture of 8086.
• What do you know about antennas?
• Define control system. Why are control systems so important?
• Draw the block diagram of a control system and write its transfer function.
• What is ROC?
• Transformation between S and Z plane.
• What is wave studio?
• What is bit rate?
• What is the difference between mp3 and wave formats?
• What is sampling?
• How do you damp noises and jerks in recording?
• What is Winamp?
• What are plugins?
• Explain the functioning of an OP-AMP.
• What is the difference between input and output plugins?
• What do you know about CD writing?
• How do you mix BGM? What is its procedure?
• What is bus?
• What do you mean by 20-bit address bus?
• What is the ideal gain of an opamp?
• What is a database?
• What is the database software that is proprietary of IBM?
• What is the difference between half adder and full adder?
• Implement a half adder and a full adder.
• What is packet switching and circuit switching?
• What is VOIP (Voice over Internet Protocol)?
• What types of communications do you know?
• Explain various types of digital communication.
• Explain the structure of MOSFET - where and why they are preferred.
• How is amplification possible in a transistor?
• Classify power amplifiers (A, B, AB).
• What is doping?
• Describe DMA controllers.
• What is the protocol used in telephone network?
• Explain different types of switching.
• How many pins are there in 8086?
• What is the most important advantage of blue tooth?
• Which is the universal flip-flop?
• What are interrupts? How will you set an interrupt?
• What is Dynamic Memory Access?
• What is SRAM, DRAM? Compare the two, relative cost of the two.
• What will happen in case of a power failure for the above?
• What is modulation? What are the different modulation techniques?
• What is FM, PM and AM? Compare the three and what happens in them?
• Which waves will travel longer distance - FM or AM?
• What is a thyristor? Differentiate between thyristor and diode.
• Explain the witching action of SCR and triggering.
• Draw the diagram of thyristor.
• Advantage of CMOS and TTL.
• What technology is used in cmos logic?
• What are VLSI and ULSI? What is the number of components in both?
• How many components are there in the Pentium processor that we use?
• Which is the latest Pentium processor? What is its speed?
• Explain the technology used in the manufacture of Pentium processor.
• Design a decade counter.
• Explain asynchronous and synchronous counter.
• Minimize function using Quine McCluskey: f = xy + x'y + yz + x' y 'z'.
• What is a prime implicant?
• How does a diode look (internally)? Explain working using internal diagram.
• Explain processes taking place in the depletion junction of a forward biased diode.
• What is an op amp?
• What is a buffer? what is the gain of a buffer?
• What is an oscillator?
• How do you forward bias a transistor?
• What are the practical applications of transistors?
• What is reverse recovery time and how does it affect a diode?
• What is a compiler?
• How can you test a compiler with certain boundary conditions?
• What is VHDL?
• What is FSF? What do you know about it? Any current relevance?
• Differentiate between open loop and closed loop control systems?
• Draw and explain the working of a monostable vibrator using op-amp.
• State Thevenin's theorem and Norton's theorem. What is their application?
• What is the mathematics used in DSP and from which domain to which domain is signal converted?
• Difference between intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductor.
• Draw an internal block diagram of a normal voltage stabilizer.
• What is a reference variable?
• Volume control in TV is logarithmic. Why?
• Does MATLAB have an interpreter or a compiler?
• What do you know about segmentation of memory in 8086?
• What is virtual memory?
• Differentiate between macros and functions in C.
• Explain the significance of electromagnetic interference in PCBs and computer boards.
• What are the various pin connections to peripherals, memory and interrupts?
• Draw a rough diagram of a mother board using 8086 with relevant connections.
• What is the tri-state or high impedance state?
• What are the differences between open collector output and totem pole output?
• Find the highest clocking frequency of a digital circuit given the rise time, fall time and propagation delay?
• Implement Boolean expression using MUX (2 to 4, 3 to 8 etc).
• Draw the state graphs of a given problem like sequence generator, flip flops etc.
• Why is the accumulator called so?
• How can we implement a stack?
• Construct a D flip flop from a T flip flop.
• What is virtual ground in an opamp?
• Why is uplinking frequency higher than down linking frequency?
• Explain the booting procedure of a computer?
• What is metastable state in flip-flops?
• What is round robin technique of interrupt arbitration?
• What is avalanche breakdown? When does it occur?
• Explain the operation of a zener diode.

Important topics in Electronics Engineering

Digital Electronic: Karnaugh maps,state machine, sequences generator, flip flop conversions, different logic families, different types of memory, designing of circuits for a given problem using state machines, flip flops etc. Communications Systems: PAM, PCM, ADPCM, DM Quantization, errors in each type of system and basic principles involved. Microprocessors: Architecture, registers, comparison between 8086 and higher processors, assembly language programming, segmentation of memory, peripherals devices (8255, 8259 etc) control words. Electro-magnetic theory: Transmission line (delays, impedance matching). Linear integrated circuits: Basics of op amps, comparators, transducers (different types and their principles and applications). Electronic devices and circuits.

Electrical Engineering

• What is the difference between neutral and earth?
• Why is alternating current used for transmission?
• What is corona?
• What is skin effect?
• Why is the voltage stepped up before transmission?
• What are the standard transmission and distribution voltages?
• Explain transmission and distribution systems?
• What are lightning arrestors?
• What is the difference between an insulator and a dielectric?
• Explain the principle of operation of relay and a circuit breaker?
• What is 3-phase supply?
• What is a busbar?
• What are the disadvantages of low power factor?
• What is arc formation?
• Why do we require protection against lightening?
• What is substation?
• What is grading of a cable?
• What are transmission cables made of?
• What is the purpose of a fuse?
• Explain the power rating of this bulb, say 60W, what if the voltage changes?
• Why is the earth pin in a 3-pin plug the longest and the thickest?
• Which is the motor used in fan?
• Explain the basic operation of dc motor / generator, induction motor, synchronous motor, stepper motor, and repulsion motor.
• What is hysteresis loss?
• Why do we use a starter for a dc Motor?
• What are back emf, commutation, armature reaction, stray losses; and breakdown torque?
• Why is an induction motor called a rotating transformer?
• What is slip?
• What is the purpose of compensating winding?
• What will happen if you supply a fan with dc?
• What is cogging and crawling?
• Why shouldn't you start a shunt motor on a heavy load?
• What are dummy coils?
• What are CT and PT?
• What is voltage build up of a generator?
• What is a universal motor?
• Why is transformer rating in KVA?
• What is voltage regulation?
• Why is transformer flux constant?
• Why is an induction motor used for most domestic applications?
• What is regenerative braking?
• Give an example where a transformer is used in a dc application.
• What is the problem with a fan that does not rotate unless rotated manually to start?
• What are brushless alternators?
• What are equalizer rings used for?
• What are interpoles used for?
• What is eddy current loss?
• What is plugging of an induction motor?
• What is the principle of operation in a tube light?
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of compact fluorescent lamps?
• Which is more dangerous - shock due to ac or dc?
• What is an UPS?
• What is the approximate power production capacity of India / Kerala?
• Explain the principle of dc motor.
• Explain the uses of servomotor.
• How do you specify the rating of transformer?
• How is speed control of ac motors achieved?
• Differentiate MC and MI instruments.
• What are integrating instruments? Give examples?
• Explain PLL circuits.
• How do you convert fixed ac to variable dc?
• What is the purpose of testing thyristors in speed control of drives?
• What are the uses of Schmidt trigger circuits?
• How can you eliminate noise in digital circuits?
• Explain low pass filter?
• How is the alternator synchronized to the main busbar?
• What is a Scott connected transformer?
• What is commutation in dc machines?
• What are damper windings?
• What are cooling methods used to cool a transformer?
• Can you start a series motor without load? If no, why?
• Draw the equivalent circuit of a transformer.
• What is R model of a circuit?
• What is specified in synchronous watts?
• How are lines affected due to switching operations?
• Is there any difference between the circuit breakers and the isolators?
• What do we prefer, overhead cables or underground cables?
• Is corona more in dc lines or ac lines?
• Are single induction motors self-starting?
• In a delta connected circuit are 3rd harmonics present?
• What is a shunt?
• What is phase swinging?
• What is phase margin?
• What type of motor is needed in hoists?
• What is IDMT?
• What is current chopping?
• Which circuit breaker uses current chopping circuit?
• Can an inverter be used as a converter? How?
• What are the types of faults that can occur in a 3-phase line?
• What is a ground line?
• What is form factor?
• What is an oscillator?
• Does an oscillator have input? If so, draw it?
• What is modulation?
• How do you start an induction motor?
• Which type of luminance has greater visibility - GLS or FL?
• How would you conserve electricity at home, being an electrical engineer?
• What is the generating voltage in India?
• Which generating station in Kerala has the largest capacity?
• Which is the oldest generating station in Kerala?
• What is SEADA?
• Why do we use a wave trap, draw the circuit?
• What is power line communication?
• What is the difference between an overcurrent relay and a fuse?
• How can you control the output voltage in an inverter and converter?
• How can you decrease the harmonics in a wave form?
• What are travelling waves?
• What is the general industrial power factor in India?
• What is diversity factor?
• Why is the wave form sinusoidal?
• Give some practical applications of variable resistance.
• Explain the working of a ceiling fan?
• What are the equipment in a substation?
• What are instrument transformers?
• Name the thyristor that can be turned off by applying signals to its gate terminal.
• What is the significance of having 11KV as the generation voltage?
• Explain the effect of a free wheeling diode.
• What is a page hit?
• What is cache memory?
• What do the three pins of a socket represent?
• Explain basic circuitry of voltage stabilizer.
• How do you drive a motor using 8085 microprocessor?
• How does a tester work?
• How is magnetic field intensity calculated in the vicinity of a current carrying wire?

Important topics in Electrical Engineering

Machines and power systems - make sure that your basics are clear in these, no need to go deep into the subject. Microprocessor, with basic knowledge in latest technologies. Analog design and developmentmethods. Digital circuits. Questions on seminar, industrial training and project.

Mechanical Engineering

• What is Mechanical Engineering?
• What are Carnot Cycle, Otto Cycle, and Diesel Cycle?
• Explain simple vapour compression cycle in refrigerator.
• Which compressor is usually used in AC?
• Why don't CI engines need a spark plug?
• What are MPFI and TPFC systems?
• State the laws of Thermodynamics.
• Which is your favourite car and why?
• Which is your favourite two-wheeler and why?
• When we start a vehicle, exhaust smoke appears white. Why?
• What are the various thermodynamic systems? What are the basic definitions?
• What is triple point of water?
• What is an indicator diagram? What are the features and advantages? How is it different from p-v diagram?
• What is a differential and how does it work?
• Explain 4-stroke and 2-stroke engines.
• What are the differences between SI and CI engines?
• What is the difference between turbo charging and supercharging?
• What are knocking detonation and pre-ignition? What are the preventive measures adopted?
• What is meant by Jet Propulsion? Ramjet, Scramjet, Turbojet, Turboprop, and Turbo fan?
• Explain common automobile specifications.
• Explain refrigerator system.
• What are the refrigerants used in refrigerators, AC, water coolers, walk-in coolers, and freezers?
• How are AC systems like window AC, split AC, and central AC different from each other?
• What are Heat Exchangers?
• What are Conduction, Convection and Radiation?
• Explain the concept of a black body.
• Explain Stephan-Boltzmann Laws, Kirchoff's Law, Planck's Law and Wien's Displacement Law.
• Explain lubrication system in IC engines.
• What is SAE?
• How to identify two balls having same external radius and weight, one hollow and the other solid, of different materials?
• Explain the principle of Watt's Governor.
• Differentiate between governor and fly wheel.
• What is ASHRAE?
• What are the different types of turbines and compressors?
• What are the new trends in IC engine? What do you know about CDI, ball piston, camless engines like GDI, VTEC?
• How does the number of valves per cylinder affect the cycle?
• How can you differentiate between the inlet and outlet ports?
• What is ABS, GPS, SBC, SOHC, and DOHC?
• Explain different types of gears and their applications.
• Certain vehicles can be started by keeping the gears engaged, while certain others cannot be - explain?
• Tell us about different types of manufacturing processes.
• How do you polish a ball bearing?
• Differentiate between lathe and a milling machine.
• How will you machine a square cross-section in lathe?
• What are the different processes carried out on a lathe?
• What are CNC and DNC machines? Compare.
• What is the mode of manufacture of common articles like chairs, toothpaste tubes, and pens?
• What are different cutting tool materials and composition?
• Tell about cooling fluids and their functions.
• Differentiate between shaper and planer.
• Explain heat treatment processes.
• What do you mean by bending moment diagram? Explain its significance.
• What is Hook's law?
• What is Poisson's ratio? Between glass and rubber for which material it is more and why?
• Can Poisson's ratio be negative?
• Explain bending moment equation and torque equation.
• Explain crippling load with equations.
• What are the principal stresses and strains?
• What is Euler's theory?
• What is actor of safety and its significance in design and manufacturing?
• What is Endurance limit?
• How is flow measurement in pipe channel done?
• What is water hammer?
• What is the function of surge tank?
• Explain boundary layer theory and separation.
• What is Magnus effect?
• Explain Mach number and its significance.
• What is draft tube and explain its application?
• How does a centrifugal pump work?
• What is cavitation? What is its use?
• Explain the working of reciprocating pumps.
• Explain slip in reciprocating pumps?
• What is an air vessel and explain its functions?
• Explain the working of hydraulic ram, accumulator, lift.
• What is the function of pen stock?
• Apply Bernoulli's theorem to an aircraft.
• Compare the constructional details of a petrol and diesel engine.
• Which gear is used to obtain maximum speed ratio?
• Which law of thermodynamics is applicable when you inflate a tyre?
• Why isn't the earth expanding?
• Differentiate between absolute and kinematics viscosity?
• Is turbo charging possible in petrol engines?
• Explain mechatronics?
• Explain the various processes required to manufacture an air conditioner or a boiler.
• Draw the Fe-C equilibrium diagram.
• What are the different types of layouts?
• Which is the type of lighting best suited for Software Company?
• Tell about head and turbine for different types of hydroelectric stations.
• What electives have you taken and why?
• Where does the future of mechanical engineering lie?
• What is Six Sigma?

Important topics in Mechanical Engineering

Basics of thermodynamics such as air cycles, laws, and curves. Hydraulic machines, types of turbines, pumps, indicator diagrams etc., automobiles and engines (just basic stuff). Theory of machines, basic mechanisms, gyroscopes, flywheels, governor, differentials, gears etc. material science, Fe diagram, hardening, heat treatment etc.